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1# Grammar for Python
2
3# NOTE WELL: You should also follow all the steps listed at
4# https://devguide.python.org/grammar/
5
6# Start symbols for the grammar:
7# single_input is a single interactive statement;
8# file_input is a module or sequence of commands read from an input file;
9# eval_input is the input for the eval() functions.
10# NB: compound_stmt in single_input is followed by extra NEWLINE!
11single_input: NEWLINE | simple_stmt | compound_stmt NEWLINE
12file_input: stmt* ENDMARKER
13eval_input: testlist NEWLINE* ENDMARKER
14
15decorator: '@' namedexpr_test NEWLINE
16decorators: decorator+
17decorated: decorators (classdef | funcdef | async_funcdef)
18
19async_funcdef: 'async' funcdef
20funcdef: 'def' NAME parameters ['->' test] ':' suite
21
22parameters: '(' [typedargslist] ')'
23typedargslist: (
24 (tfpdef ['=' test] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* ',' '/' [',' [ tfpdef ['=' test] (
25 ',' tfpdef ['=' test])* ([',' [
26 '*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' tfpdef [',']]]
27 | '**' tfpdef [',']]])
28 | '*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* ([',' ['**' tfpdef [',']]])
29 | '**' tfpdef [',']]] )
30| (tfpdef ['=' test] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' [
31 '*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' tfpdef [',']]]
32 | '**' tfpdef [',']]]
33 | '*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' tfpdef [',']]]
34 | '**' tfpdef [','])
35)
36tfpdef: NAME [':' test]
37varargslist: vfpdef ['=' test ](',' vfpdef ['=' test])* ',' '/' [',' [ (vfpdef ['=' test] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' [
38 '*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' vfpdef [',']]]
39 | '**' vfpdef [',']]]
40 | '*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' vfpdef [',']]]
41 | '**' vfpdef [',']) ]] | (vfpdef ['=' test] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' [
42 '*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' vfpdef [',']]]
43 | '**' vfpdef [',']]]
44 | '*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' vfpdef [',']]]
45 | '**' vfpdef [',']
46)
47vfpdef: NAME
48
49stmt: simple_stmt | compound_stmt | NEWLINE
50simple_stmt: small_stmt (';' small_stmt)* [';'] NEWLINE
51small_stmt: (expr_stmt | del_stmt | pass_stmt | flow_stmt |
52 import_stmt | global_stmt | nonlocal_stmt | assert_stmt)
53expr_stmt: testlist_star_expr (annassign | augassign (yield_expr|testlist) |
54 ('=' (yield_expr|testlist_star_expr))*)
55annassign: ':' test ['=' (yield_expr|testlist_star_expr)]
56testlist_star_expr: (test|star_expr) (',' (test|star_expr))* [',']
57augassign: ('+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '@=' | '/=' | '%=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' |
58 '<<=' | '>>=' | '**=' | '//=')
59# For normal and annotated assignments, additional restrictions enforced by the interpreter
60del_stmt: 'del' exprlist
61pass_stmt: 'pass'
62flow_stmt: break_stmt | continue_stmt | return_stmt | raise_stmt | yield_stmt
63break_stmt: 'break'
64continue_stmt: 'continue'
65return_stmt: 'return' [testlist_star_expr]
66yield_stmt: yield_expr
67raise_stmt: 'raise' [test ['from' test]]
68import_stmt: import_name | import_from
69import_name: 'import' dotted_as_names
70# note below: the ('.' | '...') is necessary because '...' is tokenized as ELLIPSIS
71import_from: ('from' (('.' | '...')* dotted_name | ('.' | '...')+)
72 'import' ('*' | '(' import_as_names ')' | import_as_names))
73import_as_name: NAME ['as' NAME]
74dotted_as_name: dotted_name ['as' NAME]
75import_as_names: import_as_name (',' import_as_name)* [',']
76dotted_as_names: dotted_as_name (',' dotted_as_name)*
77dotted_name: NAME ('.' NAME)*
78global_stmt: 'global' NAME (',' NAME)*
79nonlocal_stmt: 'nonlocal' NAME (',' NAME)*
80assert_stmt: 'assert' test [',' test]
81
82compound_stmt: if_stmt | while_stmt | for_stmt | try_stmt | with_stmt | funcdef | classdef | decorated | async_stmt
83async_stmt: 'async' (funcdef | with_stmt | for_stmt)
84if_stmt: 'if' namedexpr_test ':' suite ('elif' namedexpr_test ':' suite)* ['else' ':' suite]
85while_stmt: 'while' namedexpr_test ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
86for_stmt: 'for' exprlist 'in' testlist ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
87try_stmt: ('try' ':' suite
88 ((except_clause ':' suite)+
89 ['else' ':' suite]
90 ['finally' ':' suite] |
91 'finally' ':' suite))
92with_stmt: 'with' with_item (',' with_item)* ':' suite
93with_item: test ['as' expr]
94# NB compile.c makes sure that the default except clause is last
95except_clause: 'except' [test ['as' NAME]]
96suite: simple_stmt | NEWLINE INDENT stmt+ DEDENT
97
98namedexpr_test: test [':=' test]
99test: or_test ['if' or_test 'else' test] | lambdef
100lambdef: 'lambda' [varargslist] ':' test
101or_test: and_test ('or' and_test)*
102and_test: not_test ('and' not_test)*
103not_test: 'not' not_test | comparison
104comparison: expr (comp_op expr)*
105# <> isn't actually a valid comparison operator in Python. It's here for the
106# sake of a __future__ import described in PEP 401 (which really works :-)
107comp_op: '<'|'>'|'=='|'>='|'<='|'<>'|'!='|'in'|'not' 'in'|'is'|'is' 'not'
108star_expr: '*' expr
109expr: xor_expr ('|' xor_expr)*
110xor_expr: and_expr ('^' and_expr)*
111and_expr: shift_expr ('&' shift_expr)*
112shift_expr: arith_expr (('<<'|'>>') arith_expr)*
113arith_expr: term (('+'|'-') term)*
114term: factor (('*'|'@'|'/'|'%'|'//') factor)*
115factor: ('+'|'-'|'~') factor | power
116power: atom_expr ['**' factor]
117atom_expr: ['await'] atom trailer*
118atom: ('(' [yield_expr|testlist_comp] ')' |
119 '[' [testlist_comp] ']' |
120 '{' [dictorsetmaker] '}' |
121 NAME | NUMBER | strings | '...' | 'None' | 'True' | 'False')
122testlist_comp: (namedexpr_test|star_expr) ( comp_for | (',' (namedexpr_test|star_expr))* [','] )
123trailer: '(' [arglist] ')' | '[' subscriptlist ']' | '.' NAME
124subscriptlist: subscript (',' subscript)* [',']
125subscript: test | [test] ':' [test] [sliceop]
126sliceop: ':' [test]
127exprlist: (expr|star_expr) (',' (expr|star_expr))* [',']
128testlist: test (',' test)* [',']
129dictorsetmaker: ( ((test ':' test | '**' expr)
130 (comp_for | (',' (test ':' test | '**' expr))* [','])) |
131 ((test [':=' test] | star_expr)
132 (comp_for | (',' (test [':=' test] | star_expr))* [','])) )
133
134classdef: 'class' NAME ['(' [arglist] ')'] ':' suite
135
136arglist: argument (',' argument)* [',']
137
138# The reason that keywords are test nodes instead of NAME is that using NAME
139# results in an ambiguity. ast.c makes sure it's a NAME.
140# "test '=' test" is really "keyword '=' test", but we have no such token.
141# These need to be in a single rule to avoid grammar that is ambiguous
142# to our LL(1) parser. Even though 'test' includes '*expr' in star_expr,
143# we explicitly match '*' here, too, to give it proper precedence.
144# Illegal combinations and orderings are blocked in ast.c:
145# multiple (test comp_for) arguments are blocked; keyword unpackings
146# that precede iterable unpackings are blocked; etc.
147argument: ( test [comp_for] |
148 test ':=' test |
149 test '=' test |
150 '**' test |
151 '*' test )
152
153comp_iter: comp_for | comp_if
154sync_comp_for: 'for' exprlist 'in' or_test [comp_iter]
155comp_for: ['async'] sync_comp_for
156comp_if: 'if' or_test [comp_iter]
157
158# not used in grammar, but may appear in "node" passed from Parser to Compiler
159encoding_decl: NAME
160
161yield_expr: 'yield' [yield_arg]
162yield_arg: 'from' test | testlist_star_expr
163
164strings: (STRING | fstring)+
165fstring: FSTRING_START fstring_content* FSTRING_END
166fstring_content: FSTRING_STRING | fstring_expr
167fstring_conversion: '!' NAME
168fstring_expr: '{' (testlist_comp | yield_expr) ['='] [ fstring_conversion ] [ fstring_format_spec ] '}'
169fstring_format_spec: ':' fstring_content*