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1 # Grammar for Python
2
3 # NOTE WELL: You should also follow all the steps listed at
4 # https://devguide.python.org/grammar/
5
6 # Start symbols for the grammar:
7 # single_input is a single interactive statement;
8 # file_input is a module or sequence of commands read from an input file;
9 # eval_input is the input for the eval() functions.
10 # NB: compound_stmt in single_input is followed by extra NEWLINE!
11 single_input: NEWLINE | simple_stmt | compound_stmt NEWLINE
12 file_input: stmt* ENDMARKER
13 eval_input: testlist NEWLINE* ENDMARKER
14
15 decorator: '@' namedexpr_test NEWLINE
16 decorators: decorator+
17 decorated: decorators (classdef | funcdef | async_funcdef)
18
19 async_funcdef: 'async' funcdef
20 funcdef: 'def' NAME parameters ['->' test] ':' suite
21
22 parameters: '(' [typedargslist] ')'
23 typedargslist: (
24 (tfpdef ['=' test] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* ',' '/' [',' [ tfpdef ['=' test] (
25 ',' tfpdef ['=' test])* ([',' [
26 '*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' tfpdef [',']]]
27 | '**' tfpdef [',']]])
28 | '*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* ([',' ['**' tfpdef [',']]])
29 | '**' tfpdef [',']]] )
30 | (tfpdef ['=' test] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' [
31 '*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' tfpdef [',']]]
32 | '**' tfpdef [',']]]
33 | '*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' tfpdef [',']]]
34 | '**' tfpdef [','])
35 )
36 tfpdef: NAME [':' test]
37 varargslist: vfpdef ['=' test ](',' vfpdef ['=' test])* ',' '/' [',' [ (vfpdef ['=' test] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' [
38 '*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' vfpdef [',']]]
39 | '**' vfpdef [',']]]
40 | '*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' vfpdef [',']]]
41 | '**' vfpdef [',']) ]] | (vfpdef ['=' test] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' [
42 '*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' vfpdef [',']]]
43 | '**' vfpdef [',']]]
44 | '*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' vfpdef [',']]]
45 | '**' vfpdef [',']
46 )
47 vfpdef: NAME
48
49 stmt: simple_stmt | compound_stmt | NEWLINE
50 simple_stmt: small_stmt (';' small_stmt)* [';'] NEWLINE
51 small_stmt: (expr_stmt | del_stmt | pass_stmt | flow_stmt |
52 import_stmt | global_stmt | nonlocal_stmt | assert_stmt)
53 expr_stmt: testlist_star_expr (annassign | augassign (yield_expr|testlist) |
54 ('=' (yield_expr|testlist_star_expr))*)
55 annassign: ':' test ['=' (yield_expr|testlist_star_expr)]
56 testlist_star_expr: (test|star_expr) (',' (test|star_expr))* [',']
57 augassign: ('+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '@=' | '/=' | '%=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' |
58 '<<=' | '>>=' | '**=' | '//=')
59 # For normal and annotated assignments, additional restrictions enforced by the interpreter
60 del_stmt: 'del' exprlist
61 pass_stmt: 'pass'
62 flow_stmt: break_stmt | continue_stmt | return_stmt | raise_stmt | yield_stmt
63 break_stmt: 'break'
64 continue_stmt: 'continue'
65 return_stmt: 'return' [testlist_star_expr]
66 yield_stmt: yield_expr
67 raise_stmt: 'raise' [test ['from' test]]
68 import_stmt: import_name | import_from
69 import_name: 'import' dotted_as_names
70 # note below: the ('.' | '...') is necessary because '...' is tokenized as ELLIPSIS
71 import_from: ('from' (('.' | '...')* dotted_name | ('.' | '...')+)
72 'import' ('*' | '(' import_as_names ')' | import_as_names))
73 import_as_name: NAME ['as' NAME]
74 dotted_as_name: dotted_name ['as' NAME]
75 import_as_names: import_as_name (',' import_as_name)* [',']
76 dotted_as_names: dotted_as_name (',' dotted_as_name)*
77 dotted_name: NAME ('.' NAME)*
78 global_stmt: 'global' NAME (',' NAME)*
79 nonlocal_stmt: 'nonlocal' NAME (',' NAME)*
80 assert_stmt: 'assert' test [',' test]
81
82 compound_stmt: if_stmt | while_stmt | for_stmt | try_stmt | with_stmt | funcdef | classdef | decorated | async_stmt
83 async_stmt: 'async' (funcdef | with_stmt | for_stmt)
84 if_stmt: 'if' namedexpr_test ':' suite ('elif' namedexpr_test ':' suite)* ['else' ':' suite]
85 while_stmt: 'while' namedexpr_test ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
86 for_stmt: 'for' exprlist 'in' testlist ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
87 try_stmt: ('try' ':' suite
88 ((except_clause ':' suite)+
89 ['else' ':' suite]
90 ['finally' ':' suite] |
91 'finally' ':' suite))
92 with_stmt: 'with' with_item (',' with_item)* ':' suite
93 with_item: test ['as' expr]
94 # NB compile.c makes sure that the default except clause is last
95 except_clause: 'except' [test ['as' NAME]]
96 suite: simple_stmt | NEWLINE INDENT stmt+ DEDENT
97
98 namedexpr_test: test [':=' test]
99 test: or_test ['if' or_test 'else' test] | lambdef
100 lambdef: 'lambda' [varargslist] ':' test
101 or_test: and_test ('or' and_test)*
102 and_test: not_test ('and' not_test)*
103 not_test: 'not' not_test | comparison
104 comparison: expr (comp_op expr)*
105 # <> isn't actually a valid comparison operator in Python. It's here for the
106 # sake of a __future__ import described in PEP 401 (which really works :-)
107 comp_op: '<'|'>'|'=='|'>='|'<='|'<>'|'!='|'in'|'not' 'in'|'is'|'is' 'not'
108 star_expr: '*' expr
109 expr: xor_expr ('|' xor_expr)*
110 xor_expr: and_expr ('^' and_expr)*
111 and_expr: shift_expr ('&' shift_expr)*
112 shift_expr: arith_expr (('<<'|'>>') arith_expr)*
113 arith_expr: term (('+'|'-') term)*
114 term: factor (('*'|'@'|'/'|'%'|'//') factor)*
115 factor: ('+'|'-'|'~') factor | power
116 power: atom_expr ['**' factor]
117 atom_expr: ['await'] atom trailer*
118 atom: ('(' [yield_expr|testlist_comp] ')' |
119 '[' [testlist_comp] ']' |
120 '{' [dictorsetmaker] '}' |
121 NAME | NUMBER | strings | '...' | 'None' | 'True' | 'False')
122 testlist_comp: (namedexpr_test|star_expr) ( comp_for | (',' (namedexpr_test|star_expr))* [','] )
123 trailer: '(' [arglist] ')' | '[' subscriptlist ']' | '.' NAME
124 subscriptlist: subscript (',' subscript)* [',']
125 subscript: test [':=' test] | [test] ':' [test] [sliceop]
126 sliceop: ':' [test]
127 exprlist: (expr|star_expr) (',' (expr|star_expr))* [',']
128 testlist: test (',' test)* [',']
129 dictorsetmaker: ( ((test ':' test | '**' expr)
130 (comp_for | (',' (test ':' test | '**' expr))* [','])) |
131 ((test [':=' test] | star_expr)
132 (comp_for | (',' (test [':=' test] | star_expr))* [','])) )
133
134 classdef: 'class' NAME ['(' [arglist] ')'] ':' suite
135
136 arglist: argument (',' argument)* [',']
137
138 # The reason that keywords are test nodes instead of NAME is that using NAME
139 # results in an ambiguity. ast.c makes sure it's a NAME.
140 # "test '=' test" is really "keyword '=' test", but we have no such token.
141 # These need to be in a single rule to avoid grammar that is ambiguous
142 # to our LL(1) parser. Even though 'test' includes '*expr' in star_expr,
143 # we explicitly match '*' here, too, to give it proper precedence.
144 # Illegal combinations and orderings are blocked in ast.c:
145 # multiple (test comp_for) arguments are blocked; keyword unpackings
146 # that precede iterable unpackings are blocked; etc.
147 argument: ( test [comp_for] |
148 test ':=' test |
149 test '=' test |
150 '**' test |
151 '*' test )
152
153 comp_iter: comp_for | comp_if
154 sync_comp_for: 'for' exprlist 'in' or_test [comp_iter]
155 comp_for: ['async'] sync_comp_for
156 comp_if: 'if' or_test [comp_iter]
157
158 # not used in grammar, but may appear in "node" passed from Parser to Compiler
159 encoding_decl: NAME
160
161 yield_expr: 'yield' [yield_arg]
162 yield_arg: 'from' test | testlist_star_expr
163
164 strings: (STRING | fstring)+
165 fstring: FSTRING_START fstring_content* FSTRING_END
166 fstring_content: FSTRING_STRING | fstring_expr
167 fstring_conversion: '!' NAME
168 fstring_expr: '{' (testlist_comp | yield_expr) ['='] [ fstring_conversion ] [ fstring_format_spec ] '}'
169 fstring_format_spec: ':' fstring_content*